Burns

Burns are a common type of injury that occur when the skin or underlying tissues are damaged by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or friction. This article provides a safe, non-graphic, medically accurate overview of burns, covering their causes, degrees, symptoms, treatments, prevention, and when to seek medical care.

What Are Burns?

A burn occurs when the skin or tissues are exposed to an energy source strong enough to cause damage. Depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, burns can range from minor redness to deep injury. Burns affect millions of people each year and are a significant cause of emergency medical visits worldwide.

Causes of Burns

Burns can be caused by various sources. Understanding them helps reduce risk and apply correct first aid.

1. Thermal Burns

Caused by exposure to heat such as hot liquids, steam, fire, or hot objects.

2. Chemical Burns

Result from contact with strong acids, alkalis, or other corrosive substances commonly found in cleaning products or industrial materials.

3. Electrical Burns

Occur when electric current passes through the body, potentially causing internal injury even if the external skin appears minimally affected.

4. Radiation Burns

Caused by prolonged exposure to UV radiation (such as the sun) or medical radiation sources.

5. Friction Burns

Result from skin rubbing repeatedly against a hard surface, generating heat and irritation.

Types (Degrees) of Burns

First-Degree Burns

• Affect only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis).
• Cause redness, mild swelling, and discomfort.
• Typically heal within a week without scarring.

Second-Degree Burns

• Damage extends into the second layer of skin (dermis).
• Symptoms may include swelling and increased sensitivity.
• Healing varies depending on depth and may require medical care.

Third-Degree Burns

• Affect deeper tissues beyond both skin layers.
• Often require urgent medical treatment.

Fourth-Degree Burns

• Extend through skin into muscle or deeper structures.
• Always require emergency care.

Common Symptoms (Non-Graphic)

Symptoms depend on the burn’s type and severity, and may include:

• Redness or changes in skin coloration
• Swelling
• Warmth or sensitivity
• Dry or irritated skin
• Pain (varies with depth)

Complications of Burns

Without proper care, burns can lead to complications such as:

• Infection
• Fluid loss
• Delayed healing
• Decreased mobility in affected areas
• Scarring

Diagnosis

Health professionals diagnose burns by evaluating:

• The type of burn (thermal, chemical, etc.)
• The depth (degree)
• The total body surface area (TBSA) affected
• Location (hands, face, joints require special attention)
• Possible involvement of airways in cases of fire exposure

Treatment Options

First Aid (Safe, Non-Graphic Guidance)

• Cool the area with clean, cool (not ice-cold) running water for several minutes.
• Remove tight clothing or jewelry near the affected area.
• Cover with a sterile, non-adhesive bandage.
• Avoid applying home remedies such as butter or toothpaste.

Medical Treatment

Depending on severity, treatment may include:

• Professional cleaning and dressing changes
• Pain-management medications
• Antibiotics if infection is suspected
• IV fluids in cases of extensive burns
• Rehabilitation therapy for mobility

Severe Burn Care

Deep or extensive burns require evaluation at a specialized burn center. Care focuses on stabilizing the patient, preventing complications, and supporting long-term recovery.

Recovery and Healing

Recovery time depends on the burn’s depth and location. Many mild burns heal within days, while deeper injuries may require weeks or months. Healthy nutrition, hydration, and follow-up care support healing.

Prevention Tips

• Keep hot liquids and appliances out of children’s reach.
• Use sunscreen and avoid long sun exposure.
• Wear protective equipment when handling chemicals.
• Install smoke detectors and maintain them regularly.
• Be cautious with electrical devices and wiring.
• Follow safety procedures in workplaces with heat sources.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Immediate care is needed if:

• The burn is deep or large
• The affected area is the face, hands, feet, or groin
• There is difficulty breathing after smoke exposure
• A chemical or electrical burn occurs
• There are signs of infection

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Conclusion

Burns are common injuries that range from mild to severe. Understanding the causes, symptoms, types, and treatments is essential for providing timely first aid and preventing complications. With proper care and attention to safety, most burns can be effectively managed and prevented.